Phytochemical screening of extracts from Spiranthera odoratissima A. St.-Hil. (Rutaceae) leaves and their in vitroantioxidant and anti-Listeria monocytogenes activities

Spiranthera odoratissima A. St.-Hil (Rutaceae), a shrub whose common name is manacá do Cerrado in Brazilian Portuguese, is about 1-m high and has been used by folk medicine to treat stomachache, kidney and liver infections, headache, rheumatism and as a blood purifier. This study aimed at preparing hexane, ethyl acetate, methanolic, hydroethanolic and aqueous extracts from S. odoratissima leaves, at carrying out preliminary phytochemical screening and at evaluating their in vitroantioxidant and anti-Listeria monocytogenesactivities. Antioxidant activity was evaluated by the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), ABTS (2,2-azinobis-3-ethybenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate) and FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power) methods. Antibacterial activity was investigated against L. monocytogenesand Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) values of plant extracts were calculated by the broth microdilution method with the use of 96-well plates. In aqueous, methanolic, hydroethanolic, ethyl acetate and hexane extracts from S. odoratissima leaves, the following classes of compounds were investigated: organic acids, reducing sugars, flavonoids, saponin compounds, coumarin compounds, phenolics, tannins, purine compounds, catechins, flavonol derivatives, sesquiterpene lactonesand anthraquinones. All plant extracts, except the hexane one, exhibited high antioxidant activity. Regarding antibacterial activity, the most polar extracts showed high activity against L. monocytogenes; their MIC values ranged between 12.5 and 62.5 μg mL-1, while the hexane one exhibited low activity (MIC = 1000 μgmL-1). In short, extracts from S. odoratissima leaves may be consideredpromising sources of secondary metabolites with relevant antioxidant and antibacterial activities.

Chemical composition and in vitro antibacterial activity of essential oils from Murraya paniculata (L. ) Jack (Rutaceae) ripe and unripe fruits against bacterial genera Mycobacterium and Streptococcus

This study aims to investigate chemical composition of essential oils from Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack (Rutaceae) ripe and unripe fruits and determine their in vitro antibacterial activity. Essential oils were extracted by hydrodistillation from Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack ripe and unripe fruits collected in the Cerrado, in Rio Verde, southwestern Goiás, Brazil. They were analyzed by gas chromatography with flame ionization detector (GC-FID) and by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Sesquiterpenes, which represent the most abundant class of compounds in oils, predominated in both ripe and unripe fruits. Major constituents of essential oils extracted from ripe fruits (RF-EO) were (-caryophyllene (21.3%), (-ylangene (13.3%), germacrene-D (10.9%) and (-zingiberene (9.7%) whereas the ones of unripe fruits (UF-EO) were sesquithujene (25.0%), (-zingiberene (18.2%), germacrene-D (13.1%) and (-copaene (12.7%). In vitro antibacterial activity of essential oils was evaluated in terms of its minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values by the broth microdilution method in 96-well microplates. Both essential oils under investigation showed moderate anti-streptococcal activity against the following bacteria: Streptococcus mutans, S. mitis, S. sanguinis, S. sobrinus and S. salivarius. MIC values ranged between 100 and 400 µg/mL. Regarding the antimycobacterial activity, essential oils from M. paniculata (L.) Jack unripe and ripe fruits were active against Mycobacterium kansasii (MIC = 250 µg/mL), moderately active against M. tuberculosis (MIC = 500 µg/mL) and inactive against M. avium (MIC = 2000 µg/mL). This study was pioneer in revealing similar chemical profiles of both essential oils extracted from Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack unripe and ripe fruits, besides describing their in vitro anti-streptococcal and antimycobacterial activities.

Essential Oil from Psidium cattleianum Sabine (Myrtaceae) Fresh Leaves: Chemical Characterization and in vitro Antibacterial Activity Against Endodontic Pathogens

Abstract Endodontic infections result from oral pathogenic bacteria which reach and infect dental pulp, as well as surrounding tissues, through cracks, unrepaired caries and failed caries restorations. This study aims to determine the chemical composition of essential oil from Psidium cattleianum leaves (PC-EO) and to assess its antibacterial activity against endodontic bacteria. Antibacterial activity of PC-EO was evaluated in terms of its minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values by the broth microdilution method on 96-well microplates. Bacteria Porphyromonas gingivalis (MIC = 20 µg/mL), Prevotella nigrescens (MIC = 62.5 µg/mL), Fusobacterium nucleatum (MIC = 12.5 µg/mL), Actinomyces naeslundii (MIC = 50 µg/mL), Bacteroides fragilis (MIC = 12.5 µg/mL), Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (MIC = 6.25 µg/mL) and Peptostreptococcus anaerobius (MIC = 62.5 µg/mL) were evaluated and compared to chlorhexidine dihydrochloride (CDH), the positive control. PC-EO was obtained by hydrodistillation with the use of a Clevenger-type apparatus whereas its chemical composition was analyzed by gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Viridiflorol (17.9%), β-caryophyllene (11.8%), 1,8-cineole (10.8%) and β-selinene (8.6%) were the major constituents found in PC-EO, which exhibited high antibacterial activity against all endodontic pathogens under investigation. Therefore, PC-EO, a promising source of bioactive compounds, may provide therapeutic solutions for the field of endodontics.

Brazilian Green Propolis: Chemical Composition of Essential Oil and Their In Vitro Antioxidant, Antibacterial and Antiproliferative Activities

Abstract Propolis is a resinous substance collected and processed by Apis mellifera from parts of plants, buds and exudates. In Minas Gerais (MG) state, Brazil, green propolis is produced from the collection of resinous substance found in shoot apices of Baccharis dracunculifolia. This paper aims to investigate the chemical composition and in vitro antioxidant, anti-Helicobacter pylori, antimycobacterial and antiproliferative activities of essential oil (EO) from Brazilian green propolis (BGP-EO). The oil showed high antibacterial activity against H. pylori (MIC = 6.25 µg/mL), Mycobacterium avium (MIC = 62.5 µg/mL) and M. tuberculosis (MIC = 64 µg/mL). Its antioxidant activity was evaluated in vitro by both DPPH (IC50 = 23.48 µg/mL) and ABTS (IC50 = 32.18 µg/mL) methods. The antiproliferative activity in normal (GM07492A, lung fibroblasts) and tumor cell lines (MCF-7, HeLa and M059J) was analyzed by the XTT assay. BGP-EO showed inhibition of normal cell growth at 68.93 ± 2.56 µg/mL. Antiproliferative activity was observed against human tumor cell lines, whose IC50 values were 56.17, 66.43 and -65.83 µg/mL for MCF-7, HeLa and M059J cells, respectively. Its major constituents, which were determined by GC-FID and GC-MS, were carvacrol (20.7 %), acetophenone (13.5 %), spathulenol (11.0 %), (E)-nerolidol (9.7 %) and β-caryophyllene (6.2 %). These results showed the effectiveness of BGP-EO as a natural product which has promising biological activities.

Direito à cidade, direito à saúde: quais interconexões? / Right to the city, right to health: what are the interconnections?

Resumo O direito à saude se interconecta com o direito à cidade na medida em que, ao se garantir espaços urbanos saudáveis para a população, garante-se também a redução de iniquidades e a expansão do usufruto dos efeitos positivos da urbanização a grupos postergados e desfavorecidos. A interconexão entre o direito à cidade e o direito à saúde é hipotetizado como propulsor necessário à promoção da equidade. Este artigo busca explorar esta interconexão entre o direito à cidade e o direito à saúde, ancorado em uma revisão integrativa, norteada pela questão: Qual o conhecimento produzido sobre o direito à cidade e o direito à saúde à luz da equidade? Analisaram-se evidências disponíveis na literatura indexadas no PubMed/Medline, Lilacs e SciELO, entre 1986 e 2016. Foram identificados nas três décadas analisadas distintos níveis de presença do direito à cidade e do direito à saúde na formulação de políticas e na agenda de revindicações dos movimentos sociais. Formulações em torno do crescimento populacional afastam da agenda os direitos, enquanto numa fase posterior o adensamento democrático revitaliza a luta pelos direitos à saúde. Num terceiro momento de visibilização política dos espaços geográficos excluídos e das agendas identitárias, entra forte no jogo a luta pelo direito de todos e todas à cidade.

Abstract Right to health intertwines with right to the city: guaranteed access to healthy urban spaces reduces inequities among the population, so that disadvantaged groups can also enjoy positive urbanization effects. In this sense, interconnection between right to the city and right to health promotes equity. This article seeks to explore the interconnection between right to the city and right to health on the basis of an integrative review guided by the question 'What knowledge about right to the city and right to health has been produced in the light of equity?' For this purpose, we analyzed evidence available in the literature indexed in PubMed/Medline, Lilacs, and SciELO between 1986 and 2016. Over this three-decade span, we identified the presence of different degrees of right to the city and right to health in the formulation of policies and in social movement agendas. Formulations regarding population growth moved away from the rights agenda, but in a later phase of democratic consolidation, the fight for rights to health re-emerged. In a third moment of the political visibility of excluded geographical spaces and multiple identity agendas, the struggle to ensure everyone's right to the city came on strong in the game.

Photovoice como modo de escuta: subsídios para a promoção da equidade / Photovoice as a listening mode: subsidies for the promotion of equity

Resumo A partir de observações no campo da Promoção da Saúde, junto a pacientes de um Centro de Reabilitação no interior de São Paulo, notou-se que eles apresentam dificuldades em lidar com as limitações físicas adquiridas quando estas os incapacitavam para o trabalho. Objetivou-se ampliar os modos de escuta para facilitar o diálogo com pessoas em situações de debilidade física e afastadas de suas atividades laborais, utilizando o Photovoice, método de pesquisa-ação participativa, como ferramenta e o referencial teórico da Promoção da Saúde. As imagens captadas e os relatos que as acompanharam consistiram no material deste estudo. Duas categorias temáticas se sobressaíram: a decisão pericial e a condição física (vaidade, poder e esperança). A atividade laboral é percebida como determinante da inserção do indivíduo em seu meio, além de definir seu papel na família e no campo social. Diante da incapacidade, percebem-se sem identidade, vulneráveis e sem perspectivas futuras de reinserção social. Observase um processo de desajuste individual, familiar, mas sem visibilidade social e com consequências negativas para a saúde global. O Photovoice se mostrou efetivo na apreensão das percepções e no estímulo para o debate, fornecendo subsídios essenciais para a Promoção da Equidade em grupos em desvantagem social.

Abstract Health Promotion observations of patients from a Rehabilitation Center in rural São Paulo evidenced that these people faced difficulties in dealing with their physical limitations when these prevented them from working. This study aimed to broaden listening methods to facilitate dialogue with people in situations of physical frailty and removal from their work activities, using Photovoice, a participatory research-action method, as a tool and Health Promotion's theoretical framework. Images captured and reports that accompanied them consisted of the material of this study. Two thematic categories stood out: the expert decision; and physical condition: vanity, power and hope. Labor activity is perceived as a determinant of individuals' introduction in their environment and defines their role in the family and in the social field. Faced with disability, they feel deprived of their identity, vulnerable and without future prospects of social reintegration, an individual and familiar misfit process, but without social visibility and with negative consequences for global health is observed. Photovoice proved to be effective in apprehending perceptions and stimulating debate, providing essential inputs to promote equity in socially disadvantaged groups.

Antimicrobial activity and toxicity in vitro and in vivo of Equisetum hyemale extracts / Atividade antimicrobiana e toxicidade in vitro e in vivo de extratos de Equisetum hyemale

Equisetum hyemale L. (Equisetaceae) species is considered a medicinal plant used in the form of teas to combat infectious or inflammation diseases, presenting several compounds related to these actions. There are no extensive studies about the use against different microbial groups as well as for the toxicity. The objective of these studies was for the first time evaluated the antimicrobial activity against oral microorganisms and the in vitro and in vivo toxicity of 70% ethanol and methanol E. hyemale extracts. Antimicrobial activity assays were performed by broth microdilution technique to determine the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and the cytoxicity was assayed in vitro and acute toxicity in vivo was performed with mice. The methanol extracts, showed better antimicrobial activity against oral microorganisms whit MIC of 0.5 mg/mL. Both extracts presented low cytotoxicity even in high concentrations and the 70% ethanol extract of E. hyemale did not present toxicity inducing significant alterations and/or death in mice. This results suggests that both extracts exhibits great potential to therapeutic applications...

Equisetum hyemale L. (Equisetaceae) é considerada uma planta medicinal por ser utilizada sob a forma de chás para combater doenças infecciosas ou inflamatórias, apresentando vários compostos relacionados a essas ações. Não existem estudos extensos sobre a utilização contra diferentes grupos de micro-organismos, bem como para a toxicidade. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a atividade antimicrobiana contra micro-organismos orais e a toxicidade in vitro e in vivo dos extratos etanólico (70%) e metanólico de E. hyemale. A avaliação da atividade antimicrobiana foi realizada pela técnica de microdiluição em caldo para determinar a Concentração Inibitória Mínima (CIM), a citotoxicidade foi realizada in vitro frente a linhagens de macrófagos e fibroblastos e a toxicidade aguda foi realizado in vivo. O extrato metanólico apresentou melhor atividade antimicrobiana contra micro-organismos orais, com CIM de 0,5 mg/mL. Ambos os extratos apresentaram baixa citotoxicidade, mesmo em altas concentrações e o extrato etanólico (70%) não apresentou toxicidade in vivo capaz de induzir alterações e/ou morte significativa em camundongos. Estes resultados sugerem que ambos os extratos apresentam potencial para aplicações terapêuticas...

Endodontics pastes formulated with copaiba oil: action on oral microbiota and dentin bridge formation in dogs / Pastas endodônticas formuladas com óleo de copaíba: ação na microbiota bucal e formação de ponte dentinária em cães

This study analysed the effect of pastes formulated with calcium hydroxide P.A. and different vehicles (saline solution - paste A and Copaifera langsdorffii Desfon oil - paste B) on oral microorganisms and dentin bridge formation in dogs. The antimicrobial action of the pastes and their components was analysed by the minimum inhibitory concentration in agar gel technique. The components were diluted and tested on fifteen standard strains of microorganisms associated with endodontic diseases. The microorganisms were cultivated and after incubation data was analysed using One-Way ANOVA and Turkey's test (P≤0.05). Four superior incisors of ten animals were used to evaluate dentin bridge formation. Two incisors were capped with paste A (GA) and two with paste B (GB). After 90 days, the teeth were extracted for histological analysis and the degree of dentin bridge formation evaluated. Data was analysed by the Kruskal-Wallis test (P<0.05). The pastes and their components were classified in the following decreasing order of antimicrobial action: calcium hydroxide P.A., paste A, paste B and Copaifera langsdorffii Desfon oil. Calcium hydroxide P.A. showed significantly higher antimicrobial action than the pastes or their vehicles. No significant difference was observed between the two pastes in dentin bridge formation. Based on the microorganisms studied, it can be concluded that the pastes analysed showed similar antimicrobial potential but differed significantly from their individual components. No significant difference was observed in dentin bridge formation between the different pastes tested.

Foi avaliada a ação de pastas formuladas com hidróxido de cálcio P.A. e diferentes veículos (solução fisiológica - pasta A e óleo de Copaifera langsdorffii Desfon - pasta B) sobre microrganismos bucais e formação de ponte dentinária em cães. A ação antimicrobiana das pastas e de seus componentes individuais foi avaliada pela técnica da concentração inibitória mínima pela diluição em ágar. Os materiais foram diluídos e avaliados contra quinze cepas padrão de microrganismos relacionados a doenças endodônticas. Os microrganismos foram cultivados e, após a incubação, os dados foram analisados (Anova One-Way, Tukey, P≤0,05). Para a avaliação da formação de ponte dentinária, quatro incisivos superiores de dez animais foram tratados, sendo dois capeados com pasta A (GA) e dois com a pasta B (GB). Após 90 dias, os dentes foram extraídos para obtenção de cortes histológicos, com o objetivo de se avaliar o grau de formação de ponte dentinária. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise estatística (Kruskal-Wallis, P<0,05). Segundo a ação antimicrobiana, os materiais foram classificados em ordem decrescente: hidróxido de cálcio P.A., pasta A, pasta B e óleo de Copaifera langsdorffii Desfon, com diferenças estatisticamente significantes entre o hidróxido de cálcio P.A., as pastas e os veículos. Ao final do estudo, observou-se que as duas pastas avaliadas foram semelhantes quanto à formação de ponte dentinária. Considerando-se os microrganismos selecionados, conclui-se que as pastas avaliadas foram semelhantes entre si em termos de potencial antimicrobiano, diferindo dos componentes individuais. Em relação à formação de ponte dentinária, não foram observadas diferenças significantes entre os dentes tratados com as diferentes pastas.

Antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of Tetradenia riparia (Hochst.) Codd. (Lamiaceae) against cariogenic bacteria

In Brazilian folk medicine, Tetradenia riparia (Hochst.) Codd. (Lamiaceae) is used to treat toothaches and dental abscesses and diseases induced by worms, bacteria, or fungi. This paper aims to investigate the chemical composition and the antibacterial effects of the essential oil obtained from Tetradenia riparia leaves (TR-EO) grown in Southeastern Brazil against a representative panel of oral pathogens. We evaluated the antibacterial activity of TR-EO in terms of the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC). We identified aromadendrene oxide (14.0%), (E,E)-farnesol (13.6%), dronabinol (12.5%), and fenchone (6.2%) as the major constituents of TR-EO. TR-EO displayed MIC values between 31.2 and 500 μg/mL, with the lowest MIC value being obtained against Streptococcus mitis (31.2 μg/mL), S. mutans (62.5 μg/mL), S. sobrinus (31.2 μg/mL), and Lactobacillus casei (62.5 μg/mL). In time-kill experiments, TR-EO demonstrated bactericidal activity against S. mutans within the first 12 h, resulting in a curve profile similar to that of chlorhexidine. These results revealed that the essential oil of Tetradenia riparia displays promising activity against most of the selected cariogenic bacteria, including Streptococcus mutans.

Uso da nanocobertura de prata (B-Safe) para controlar a contaminação na prática da prótese sobreimplantes: avaliação clínica quantitativa com dois anos de acompanhamento / Use of a silver nanocoating technology (B-Safe) to control contamination on the practice of implant-supported prostheses: a 2-year follow-up quantitative clinical evaluation

Objetivos: este trabalho avaliou a adesão de microrganismos em mangueiras com nanotecnologia de prata para prevenção da contaminação em procedimentos aplicáveis à prótese sobreimplantes. Material e métodos: após 24 meses de uso clínico, 20 segmentos de mangueiras foram divididos em dois grupos iguais (com e sem B-Safe, dez elementos cada) e colocados em tubos de ensaio contendo 10 mL de caldo BHI, incubados a 37ºC em condições de aerobiose. Depois, foram realizadas diluições decimais seriadas de alíquotas de 50,0 µL em dois meios de cultura: ágar sangue e ágar-sabourad dextrose, bem como a incubação das placas de Petri a 37ºC por 24/48h em aerobiose. Diferenças nas contagens de microrganismos (UFC/mL) foram analisadas pelos testes Anova e Tukey (p ≤ 0,05). Resultados: houve turvação do meio de cultura em todos os tubos do grupo controle, sendo que a contagem das colônias formadas revelou um alto nível de contaminação em mangueiras convencionais (ágar-sangue: 2.025 UFC/mL e agar-dextrose: 483 UFC/mL). Os tubos do grupo controle não apresentaram turvação, tampouco unidades formadoras de colônias. Conclusão: a tecnologia da nanocobertura de prata incorporada à linha de água do consultório pode impedir a contaminação durante os procedimentos clínicos para confecção das próteses sobreimplantes.

Objectives: this study evaluated the adherence of microorganisms to tubes with silver nanotechnology to prevent contamination in implant-supported associated procedures. Material and methods: after 24 months of clinical use, twenty tubes segments were divided into two equal groups (with and without B-Safe, ten elements each) and were placed in test tubes containing 10.0 mL of BHI broth, which were incubated at 37°C in aerobic condition. After this time, serial decimal dilutions of 50.0 µL aliquots were made on two culture media: blood agar and sabourad dextrose agar, followed by the incubation of the Petri dishes at 37ºC in aerobiosis. Differences in microorganism counts (CFU/mL) were analyzed by Anova and Tukey (p ≤ 0.05). Results: there was turbidity of the culture medium in all test tubes of control group, and the counting of colonies formed revealed a high level of contamination in conventional tubes (blood agar: 2.025 CFU/mL and dextrose agar: 483 CFU/mL). The tubes of control group showed no turbidity or colonies forming units. Conclusion: the silver nanocoating incorporated into the waterline of the dental office can prevent contamination during clinical procedures for implant-supported prostheses

Evaluation of the antibacterial potential of Petroselinum crispum and Rosmarinus officinalis against bacteria that cause urinary tract infections

In this study we evaluated the antibacterial activity of the crude hydroalcoholic extracts, fractions, and compounds of two plant species, namely Rosmarinus officinalis and Petroselinum crispum, against the bacteria that cause urinary tract infection. The microdilution method was used for determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). The crude hydroalcoholic extract of R. officinalis displayed in vitro activity against Gram-positive bacteria, with satisfactory MBC for the clinical isolate S. saprophyticus. The fractions and the pure compound rosmarinic acid did not furnish promising results for Gram-negative bacteria, whereas fractions 2, 3, and 4 gave encouraging results for Gram-positive bacteria and acted as bactericide against S. epidermidis as well as E. faecalis (ATCC 29212) and its clinical isolate. R. officinalis led to promising results in the case of Gram-positive bacteria, resulting in a considerable interest in the development of reliable alternatives for the treatment of urinary infections.

Adsorção de Candida albicans em resinas utilizadas em bases de próteses removíveis / Adsorption of Candida albicans in resins used for manufacture of removable prosthesis bases

A resina acrílica termoativada tem sido o material de escolha para confecção de bases de próteses removíveis há mais de 60 anos. Mais recentemente, as resinas ativadas por micro-ondas e as semi-rígidas foram introduzidas, porém pouco ainda se sabe a respeito da capacidade de retenção de biofilme nesses materiais, especialmente do último. Esse estudo avaliou a adsorção de Candida albicans em quatro resinas utilizadas em bases de próteses removíveis. Os materiais avaliados foram: Onda-Cryl (Clássico, polimerização por microondas), QC-20 (Dentsply, polimerização térmica de ciclo curto), Lucitone (Denstply, polimerização térmica) e Odontoflex (Odontoloflex, resina de poliamida termo-injetada). Dez corpos-de-prova (10,0X5,0X2,0mm) foram preparados para cada material, de acordo com as recomendações dos fabricantes. Os corpos-de-prova foram esterilizados (121ºC, 25min, 1 atm), colocados em tubos contendo 10,0mL de caldo RPMI (Inlab) inoculados com C. albicans ATCC 28366 (106 CFU/mL) e incubados em shaker (48h/37ºC). A seguir, os corpos-de-prova foram transferidos para outros tubos de ensaio e lavados com água destilada esterilizada (10s), sendo novamente colocados em caldo RPMI sob agitação (10s). Aliquotas do caldo RPMI foram semeadas em meio de cultura sólido agar Sabouraud (Difco), que foi então incubado (48h/37ºC). As colônias formadas foram contadas e os resultados analisados (Anova One-Way, Tukey, p≤0,05). De acordo com a adsorção de C. albicans ATCC 28366, os materiais foram classificados na seguinte ordem decrescente: 1) Odontoflex (690.000UFC/mL), 2) OndaCryl (454.000UFC/mL), 3) Lucitone 550 (256.000UFC/mL) e 4) QC-20 (254.000UFC/mL). Odontoflex e Onda-Cryl diferiram significantemente (p≤0,05) entre si e dos outros materiais. Lucitone 550 e QC-20 foram similares em termos de adsorção da levedura. Conclui-se que a maior retenção de C. albicans ATCC 28366 foi observada para a resina de poliamida e menor para a resina termoativada QC 20.

Heat-activated resin has been selected as material for the preparation of removable prosthesis basis for over 60 years. Microwave-activated and semi-rigid resins have been introduced more recently; however, little is known about their ability to retain biofilms, especially in the case of semi-rigid materials. Therefore, this study evaluated C. albicans adsorption onto four resins employed in removable prosthesis basis. The materials Onda-Cryl (Classic, microwave polymerization), QC-20 (Dentsply, short-cycle heat-activated polymerization), Lucitone (Denstply, heatactivated polymerization), and Odontoflex (Odontoloflex, thermally injected polyamide resin) were investigated. Ten specimens (10.0X5.0X2.0mm) were prepared for each material, following the manufacturer's instructions. The samples were sterilized (121ºC, 25min, 1 atm), placed in tubes containing 10.0 mL of RPMI broth (Inlab) inoculated with C. albicans ATCC 28366 (106 CFU/mL), and incubated in a shaker (48h/37ºC). Next, the specimens were transferred to other test tubes and washed with sterilized distilled water (10s), and were then placed in RPMI broth, under agitation (10s). Aliquots of the RPMI broth were seeded in solid agar Sabouraud culture medium (Difco), which was then incubated (48h/37ºC). The resulting colonies were counted, and the data were analyzed (Anova One-Way, Tukey, p≤0.05). On the basis of C. albicans ATCC 28366 adsorption, the materials were classified in the following decreasing order: 1) Odontoflex (690,000CFU/mL), 2) Onda-Cryl (454,000CFU/mL), 3) Lucitone 550 (256,000CFU/mL), and 4) QC-20 (254,000CFU/mL). Odontoflex and Onda-Cryl were significantly different (p≤0.05), and they were also statistically different from the other tested materials. Lucitone 550 and QC-20 were similar in terms of yeast adsorption. In conclusion, larger and smaller C. albicans ATCC 28366 retention were verified for the polyamide resin and the heat-activated resin QC 20, respectively.

Antibacterial evaluation of Styrax pohlii and isolated compounds

The antibacterial activity of the compounds egonol (1) and homoegonol (2), of the crude ethanolic extract of Styrax pohlii (Styracaceae) aerial parts (EE), and of its n-hexane (HF), EtOAc (EF), n-BuOH (BF), and hydromethanolic (HMF) fractions was evaluated against the following microorganisms: Streptococcus pneumoniae (ATCC 6305), S. pyogenes (ATCC 19615), Haemophilus influenzae (ATCC 10211), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), and Klebsiella pneumoniae (ATCC 10031). The broth microdilution method was used for determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) during preliminary evaluation of antibacterial activity. The EE yielded MIC values of 400 µg/mL for S. pneumoniae and P. aeruginosa and 300 µg/mL for H. influenzae. The HF and EF fractions exhibited enhanced antibacterial activity, with MIC values of 200 µg/mL against S. pneumoniae, but only EF displayed activity against H. influenzae (MIC 200 µg/mL). The best MIC value with compounds 1 and 2 (400 µg/mL) was obtained for (1) against S. pneumoniae and P. aeruginosa. Therefore, 1 exhibited weak antibacterial activity against these standard strains.

As atividades antimicrobianas das substâncias egonol (1) e homoegonol (2), do extrato etanólico das partes aéreas de Styrax pohlii (Styracaceae) (EE), bem como das frações n-hexano (HF), AcOEt (EF), n-BuOH (BF) e hidrometanólica (HMF) foram avaliadas frente aos seguintes microorganismos: Streptococcus pneumoniae (ATCC 6305), S. pyogenes (ATCC 19615), Haemophilus influenzae (ATCC 10211), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) e Klebsiella pneumoniae (ATCC 10031). O método de microdiluição em caldo foi utilizado para a determinação da concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) na avaliação preliminar da atividade antimicrobiana. EE mostrou valores de CIM de 400 µg/mL para S. pneumoniae e P. aeruginosa, e 300 µg/mL para H. influenzae. As frações HF e EF apresentaram melhora na atividade antimicrobiana, com valores de CIM de 200 µg/mL frente S. pneumoniae, mas apenas EF apresentou ação contra H. influenzae (200 µg/mL). Em relação às substâncias 1 e 2, o melhor valor de CIM (400 µg/mL) foi obtido por 1 frente a S. pneumoniae e P. aeruginosa, que exibiu fraca atividade antimicrobiana contra estas cepas padrões.

Candida parapsilosis complex water isolates from a haemodialysis unit: biofilm production and in vitro evaluation of the use of clinical antifungals

Candida parapsilosis, currently divided into three distinct species, proliferates in glucose-rich solutions and has been associated with infections resulting from the use of medical devices made of plastic, an environment common in dialysis centres. The aims of this study were (i) to screen for Candida orthopsilosis and Candida metapsilosis (100 environmental isolates previously identified as C. parapsilosis), (ii) to test the ability of these isolates to form biofilm and (iii) to investigate the in vitro susceptibility of Candida spp biofilms to the antifungal agents, fluconazole (FLC) and amphotericin B (AMB). Isolates were obtained from a hydraulic circuit collected from a haemodialysis unit. Based on molecular criteria, 47 strains were re-identified as C. orthopsilosis and 53 as C. parapsilosis. Analyses using a formazan salt reduction assay and total viable count, together with microscopy studies, revealed that 72 strains were able to form biofilm that was structurally similar, but with minor differences in morphology. A microtitre-based colorimetric assay used to test the susceptibility of fungal biofilms to AMB and FLC demonstrated that the C. parapsilosis complex displayed an increased resistance to these antifungal agents. The results from these analyses may provide a basis for implementing quality controls and monitoring to ensure the microbiological purity of dialysis water, including the presence of yeast.

Microbiological monitoring mf mineral water commercialized in Brazil

The quality of mineral water commercialized in Brazil regarding the microbial content was analyzed and the results were compared with the standards established by the current legislation. Results demonstrated there was no bacterial contamination, but several types of fungi were found. Therefore, bottled mineral water could be considered a possible route for the transmission of filamentous fungi and yeasts.

Determination of the antibacterial activity of crude extracts and compounds isolated from Hortia oreadica (Rutaceae) against oral pathogens / Determinação da atividade antibacteriana de extratos brutos e substâncias isoladas de Hortia oreadica (Rutaceae) frente à patógenos bucais

Extracts from Hortia oreadica afforded four dihydrocinnamic acid derivatives, isolated from the n-hexane extract, as well as limonoid guyanin and the furoquinoline alkaloid dictamnine, both isolated from the dichloromethane extract. The extracts and the isolated compounds were tested against some oral pathogens, so as to investigate their antibacterial activity. The results showed that the n-hexane extract and the compound dictamnine are the most active against the selected microorganisms.

Extratos brutos de Hortia oreadica, forneceram quatro derivados do ácido diidrocinâmico, que foram isolados do extrato n-hexânico, bem como as substâncias guianina e dictamina, isoladas do extrato em diclorometano. Os extratos brutos e as substâncias isoladas foram avaliados frente a alguns patógenos bucais com o objetivo de investigar a atividade antibacteriana. Os resultados demonstraram que o extrato bruto n-hexânico e a substância dictamina foram os mais ativos frente ao conjunto de microrganismos avaliados.

Microbiological contamination of a hemodialysis center water distribution system / Contaminação microbiológica no sistema de distribuição de água de um centro de hemodiálise

The microbiological monitoring of the water used for hemodialysis is extremely important, especially because of the debilitated immune system of patients suffering from chronic renal insufficiency. To investigate the occurrence and species diversity of bacteria in waters, water samples were collected monthly from a hemodialysis center in upstate São Paulo and tap water samples at the terminal sites of the distribution system was sampled repeatedly (22 times) at each of five points in the distribution system; a further 36 samples were taken from cannulae in 19 hemodialysis machines that were ready for the next patient, four samples from the reuse system and 13 from the water storage system. To identify bacteria, samples were filtered through 0.22 µm-pore membranes; for mycobacteria, 0.45 µm pores were used. Conventional microbiological and molecular methods were used in the analysis. Bacteria were isolated from the distribution system (128 isolates), kidney machine water (43) and reuse system (3). Among these isolates, 32 were Gram-positive rods, 120 Gram-negative rods, 20 Gram-positive cocci and 11 mycobacteria. We propose the continual monitoring of the water supplies in hemodialysis centers and the adoption of effective prophylactic measures that minimize the exposure of these immunodeficient patients to contaminated sources of water.

O monitoramento microbiológico da água utilizada no procedimento de hemodiálise é de extrema importância, principalmente devido à imunodebilidade dos pacientes com insuficiência renal crônica. Nosso objetivo foi verificar qualitativa e quantitativamente a presença de bactérias na água de um centro de hemodiálise do interior do Estado de São Paulo. Foram realizadas 22 coletas de cada um dos cinco pontos do sistema de distribuição; 36 amostras de 19 máquinas de hemodiálise, prontas para utilização; quatro amostras do sistema de reuso e 13 amostras do sistema de armazenamento de água, empregando-se a técnica da membrana filtrante com poros de 0,22 µm para bactérias e de 0,45 µm para micobactérias. A identificação foi realizada através de métodos microbiológicos convencionais e de biologia molecular. Isolados bacterianos foram obtidos de sistema de distribuição (128), águas das máquinas (43) e sistema de reuso (3). Entre os isolados 32 foram de bacilos Gram-positivos, 120 bacilos Gram-negativos, 20 Cocos Gram-positivos e 11 micobactérias. Neste estudo, sugerimos que suprimentos de água para o Centro de Hemodiálise devam ser monitorados, adotando-se medidas profiláticas eficazes que minimizem a exposição destes pacientes imunodeficientes a fontes aquáticas ambientais contaminadas.

Effectiveness of a new toothbrush design versus a conventional tongue scraper in improving breath odor and reducing tongue microbiota

For centuries, specific instruments or regular toothbrushes have routinely been used to remove tongue biofilm and improve breath odor. Toothbrushes with a tongue scraper on the back of their head have recently been introduced to the market. The present study compared the effectiveness of a manual toothbrush with this new design, i.e., possessing a tongue scraper, and a commercial tongue scraper in improving breath odor and reducing the aerobic and anaerobic microbiota of tongue surface. The evaluations occurred at 4 moments, when the participants (n=30) had their halitosis quantified with a halimeter and scored according to a 4-point scoring system corresponding to different levels of intensity. Saliva was collected for counts of aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms. Data were analyzed statistically by Friedman's test (p<0.05). When differences were detected, the Wilcoxon test adjusted for Bonferroni correction was used for multiple comparisons (group to group). The results confirmed the importance of mechanical cleaning of the tongue, since this procedure provided an improvement in halitosis and reduction of aerobe and anaerobe counts. Regarding the evaluated methods, the toothbrush's tongue scraper and conventional tongue scraper had a similar performance in terms of breath improvement and reduction of tongue microbiota, and may be indicated as effective methods for tongue cleaning.

Atividade antibacteriana do extrato hidroalcoólico bruto de Stryphnodendron adstringens sobre microorganismos da cárie dental / Antibacterial activity of the crude hydroalcoholic extract of Stryphnodendron adstringens on dental caries microorganisms

Objetivo: O Stryphnodendron adstringens (barbatimão) é uma leguminosa do cerrado brasileiro, considerada como planta medicinal devido à sua ação cicatrizante, antiinflamatória, hemostática, anti-séptica e anti-diarréica. Este trabalho avaliou a atividade antibacteriana do extrato hidroalcoólico bruto do barbatimão contra microrganismos da cárie dental. Metodologia: Para determinação da Concentração Inibitória Mínima (CIM) do extrato hidroalcoólico bruto de barbatimão sobre as cepas padrão Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus salivarius, Streptococcus sanguinis, Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus e Lactobacillus casei foi utilizado o método da diluição em caldo. Resultados: O extrato hidroalcoólico bruto de barbatimão foi ativo frente aos microrganismos S. mitis e L. casei. A CIM do extrato do barbatimão variou de 350 a >400µg/mL. Conclusão: A ação antibacteriana observada sugere o uso do extrato de barbatimão como adjuvante no controle da cárie dental.

Purpose: Stryphnodendron adstringens ('barbatimão') is a medicinal plant of the Leguminoseae family from the Brazilian 'cerrado'. This plant is used in folk medicine because of its healing, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, and hemostatic effects. The aim of this work was to evaluate the antibacterial activity of the 'barbatimão' crude hydroalcoholic extract against cariogenic microorganisms. Methods: The broth dilution method was used to determine the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of the 'barbatimão' hydroalcoholic extract against Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus salivarius, Streptococcus sanguinis, Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus, and Lactobacillus casei. Results: The 'barbatimão' hydroalcoholic extract showed antibacterial activity against S. mitis e L. casei, with MIC ranging from 350 to >400µg/mL. Conclusion: These results suggest that the 'barbatimão' hydroalcoholic extract might be used as an adjuvant measure to control dental caries.

Contaminação de Telefones Públicosem Franca, São Paulo, Brasil / Contamination of payphones in Franca, São Paulo, Brazil

Este trabalho avaliou qualitativamente equantitativamente a contaminação de telefones públicospresentes em seis locais de grande fluxo de pessoas nacidade de Franca, SP. Material e Métodos: Amostras de 51aparelhos foram colhidas e processadas para contagem eidentificação de bactérias e fungos. Resultados: Bactérias(5 espécies) foram isoladas em todos os telefones, sendoque 91,2% deles com nível de contaminação acima de 2,0UFC/cm2; os fungos (18 espécies) foram isolados em 62,75% dosmesmos, também com contagens acima do limite comparado(2,0 UFC/cm2). Os locais cujos telefones apresentaram maiorcontaminação foram hospital, rodoviária e shopping.Conclusão: Conclui-se que os telefones públicos pesquisadosestão contaminados com microrganismos potencialmentepatogênicos, sendo possível, portanto, que haja infecçãodaqueles que os utilizam. Recomenda-se a desinfecçãoperiódica desses aparelhos...

This study evaluated quantitatively and qualitativelythe contamination in payphones located at six places ofintensive public traffic in the city of Franca, SP, Brazil.Material and Methods: Samples were taken from 51payphones and processed for counting and identification ofbacteria and fungi. Results: Five bacterial strains wereisolated in all phones, 91.2% of them with a contaminationlevel above 2.0 CFU/cm2. Eighteen fungi strains were isolatedin 62.75% of the phones, also with counting above thereference level (2.0 CFU/cm2). The places with the highestcontamination levels were the hospitals, bus stations andshopping malls. Conclusion: It may be concluded that thepayphones evaluated in this study are contaminated withpotentially pathogenic microorganisms and their users areprone to be infected by these pathogens. Periodic disinfectionof pay phones is advisable...